Replaced whitepaper.pdf with reconstructed LaTeX files

[imkharn]

This adds latex that generates the V1 whitepaper. The original latex was lost and reconstructed. Correctness was evaluated in both overleaf and texlive compilers.
Note that https://github.com/AugurProject/whitepaper/blob/master/.github/workflows/build_latex.yml appears mapped to /v2/english/augur-whitepaper-v2.pdf rather than v1 and may affect content.

The only differences exist due to unavoidable compiler changes and are as follows:
Margins are increased slightly.
Spacing between lines is reduced slightly to compensate.
A couple footnotes that used to overflow into the right column are now fully contained in the left column.

[MicahZoltu]

Please update #89 instead of opening a new Pull Request. If you need help with this, let me know and I can assist with the process (Discord or in the PR comments). You can just navigate to https://github.com/imkharn/whitepaper/tree/add-v1-latex-source, click on the file you want to change, and click the edit pencil in the top right. Any changes you make/save will be reflected in #89 immediately.