diff --git a/src/main/java/land/oras/CopyUtils.java b/src/main/java/land/oras/CopyUtils.java
index 3366066a..439fd973 100644
--- a/src/main/java/land/oras/CopyUtils.java
+++ b/src/main/java/land/oras/CopyUtils.java
@@ -20,8 +20,6 @@
  * =LICENSEEND=
  */
 
-import java.io.IOException;
-import java.io.InputStream;
 import java.util.Objects;
 import land.oras.exception.OrasException;
 import org.jspecify.annotations.NonNull;
@@ -63,106 +61,115 @@ void copy(
                     TargetRefType targetRef,
                     boolean recursive) {
 
-        try {
-
-            Descriptor descriptor = source.probeDescriptor(sourceRef);
-
-            // Get the resolved source registry
-            String resolveSourceRegistry = descriptor.getRegistry();
-            Objects.requireNonNull(resolveSourceRegistry, "Registry is required for streaming copy");
-
-            // Get the resolve target registry
-            String effectiveTargetRegistry = targetRef.getTarget(target);
-            Objects.requireNonNull(effectiveTargetRegistry, "Target registry is required for streaming copy");
-
-            String contentType = descriptor.getMediaType();
-            String manifestDigest = descriptor.getDigest();
-            LOG.debug("Content type: {}", contentType);
-            LOG.debug("Manifest digest: {}", manifestDigest);
-
-            // Write all layer
-            for (Layer layer : source.collectLayers(sourceRef, contentType, true)) {
-                Objects.requireNonNull(layer.getDigest(), "Layer digest is required for streaming copy");
-                Objects.requireNonNull(layer.getSize(), "Layer size is required for streaming copy");
-                LOG.debug("Copying layer {}", layer.getDigest());
-                target.pushBlob(
-                        targetRef.forTarget(effectiveTargetRegistry).withDigest(layer.getDigest()),
-                        layer.getSize(),
-                        () -> source.fetchBlob(
-                                sourceRef.forTarget(resolveSourceRegistry).withDigest(layer.getDigest())),
-                        layer.getAnnotations());
-                LOG.debug("Copied layer {}", layer.getDigest());
-            }
+        Descriptor descriptor = source.probeDescriptor(sourceRef);
+
+        // Get the resolved source registry
+        String resolveSourceRegistry = descriptor.getRegistry();
+        Objects.requireNonNull(resolveSourceRegistry, "Registry is required for streaming copy");
+
+        // Get the resolve target registry
+        String effectiveTargetRegistry = targetRef.getTarget(target);
+        Objects.requireNonNull(effectiveTargetRegistry, "Target registry is required for streaming copy");
+
+        String contentType = descriptor.getMediaType();
+        String manifestDigest = descriptor.getDigest();
+        LOG.debug("Content type: {}", contentType);
+        LOG.debug("Manifest digest: {}", manifestDigest);
+
+        // Write all layer
+        for (Layer layer : source.collectLayers(sourceRef, contentType, true)) {
+            Objects.requireNonNull(layer.getDigest(), "Layer digest is required for streaming copy");
+            Objects.requireNonNull(layer.getSize(), "Layer size is required for streaming copy");
+            LOG.debug("Copying layer {}", layer.getDigest());
+            target.pushBlob(
+                    targetRef.forTarget(effectiveTargetRegistry).withDigest(layer.getDigest()),
+                    layer.getSize(),
+                    () -> source.fetchBlob(
+                            sourceRef.forTarget(resolveSourceRegistry).withDigest(layer.getDigest())),
+                    layer.getAnnotations());
+            LOG.debug("Copied layer {}", layer.getDigest());
+        }
 
-            // Single manifest
-            if (source.isManifestMediaType(contentType)) {
+        // Single manifest
+        if (source.isManifestMediaType(contentType)) {
 
-                // Write manifest as any blob
-                Manifest manifest = source.getManifest(sourceRef);
-                String tag = sourceRef.getTag();
+            // Write manifest as any blob
+            Manifest manifest = source.getManifest(sourceRef);
+            String tag = sourceRef.getTag();
 
-                Objects.requireNonNull(manifest.getDigest(), "Manifest digest is required for streaming copy");
+            Objects.requireNonNull(manifest.getDigest(), "Manifest digest is required for streaming copy");
 
-                // Write config as any blob
-                Config config = manifest.getConfig();
-                Objects.requireNonNull(config.getDigest(), "Config digest is required for streaming copy");
-                Objects.requireNonNull(config.getSize(), "Config size is required for streaming copy");
-                target.pushBlob(
-                        targetRef
-                                .forTarget(effectiveTargetRegistry)
-                                .withDigest(manifest.getConfig().getDigest()),
-                        config.getSize(),
-                        () -> source.pullConfig(sourceRef.forTarget(resolveSourceRegistry), manifest.getConfig()),
-                        config.getAnnotations());
+            // Push config
+            copyConfig(manifest, resolveSourceRegistry, effectiveTargetRegistry, source, sourceRef, target, targetRef);
 
-                // Push the manifest
-                LOG.debug("Copying manifest {}", manifestDigest);
-                target.pushManifest(targetRef.withDigest(tag), manifest);
-                LOG.debug("Copied manifest {}", manifestDigest);
+            // Push the manifest
+            LOG.debug("Copying manifest {}", manifestDigest);
+            target.pushManifest(targetRef.withDigest(tag), manifest);
+            LOG.debug("Copied manifest {}", manifestDigest);
 
-                if (recursive) {
-                    LOG.debug("Recursively copy referrers");
-                    Referrers referrers = source.getReferrers(sourceRef.withDigest(manifestDigest), null);
-                    for (ManifestDescriptor referer : referrers.getManifests()) {
-                        LOG.info("Copy reference {}", referer.getDigest());
-                        copy(source, sourceRef.withDigest(referer.getDigest()), target, targetRef, recursive);
-                    }
+            if (recursive) {
+                LOG.debug("Recursively copy referrers");
+                Referrers referrers = source.getReferrers(sourceRef.withDigest(manifestDigest), null);
+                for (ManifestDescriptor referer : referrers.getManifests()) {
+                    LOG.info("Copy reference {}", referer.getDigest());
+                    copy(source, sourceRef.withDigest(referer.getDigest()), target, targetRef, recursive);
                 }
-
             }
-            // Index
-            else if (source.isIndexMediaType(contentType)) {
-
-                Index index = source.getIndex(sourceRef);
-                String tag = sourceRef.getTag();
-
-                // Write all manifests and their config
-                for (ManifestDescriptor manifestDescriptor : index.getManifests()) {
-                    Manifest manifest = source.getManifest(sourceRef.withDigest(manifestDescriptor.getDigest()));
-
-                    // Write config as any blob
-                    try (InputStream is = source.pullConfig(sourceRef, manifest.getConfig())) {
-                        LOG.debug("Copying config blob {}", manifest.getConfig().getDigest());
-                        target.pushBlob(
-                                targetRef.withDigest(manifest.getConfig().getDigest()), is);
-                        LOG.debug("Copied config blob {}", manifest.getConfig().getDigest());
-                    }
-
-                    // Push the manifest
-                    target.pushManifest(
-                            targetRef.withDigest(manifest.getDigest()), manifest.withDescriptor(manifestDescriptor));
-                }
 
-                LOG.debug("Copying index {}", manifestDigest);
-                target.pushIndex(targetRef.withDigest(tag), index);
-                LOG.debug("Copied index {}", manifestDigest);
+        }
+        // Index
+        else if (source.isIndexMediaType(contentType)) {
+
+            Index index = source.getIndex(sourceRef);
+            String tag = sourceRef.getTag();
+
+            // Write all manifests and their config
+            for (ManifestDescriptor manifestDescriptor : index.getManifests()) {
+                Manifest manifest = source.getManifest(sourceRef.withDigest(manifestDescriptor.getDigest()));
 
-            } else {
-                throw new OrasException("Unsupported content type: %s".formatted(contentType));
+                // Push config
+                copyConfig(
+                        manifest, resolveSourceRegistry, effectiveTargetRegistry, source, sourceRef, target, targetRef);
+
+                // Push the manifest
+                LOG.debug("Copying manifest {}", manifestDigest);
+                target.pushManifest(
+                        targetRef.withDigest(manifest.getDigest()), manifest.withDescriptor(manifestDescriptor));
+                LOG.debug("Copied manifest {}", manifestDigest);
             }
 
-        } catch (IOException e) {
-            throw new OrasException("Failed to copy container", e);
+            LOG.debug("Copying index {}", manifestDigest);
+            target.pushIndex(targetRef.withDigest(tag), index);
+            LOG.debug("Copied index {}", manifestDigest);
+
+        } else {
+            throw new OrasException("Unsupported content type: %s".formatted(contentType));
         }
     }
+
+    private static <
+                    SourceRefType extends Ref<@NonNull SourceRefType>,
+                    TargetRefType extends Ref<@NonNull TargetRefType>>
+            void copyConfig(
+                    Manifest manifest,
+                    String resolvedSourceRegistry,
+                    String effectiveTargetRegistry,
+                    OCI<SourceRefType> source,
+                    SourceRefType sourceRef,
+                    OCI<TargetRefType> target,
+                    TargetRefType targetRef) {
+        // Write config as any blob
+        LOG.debug("Copying config {}", manifest.getConfig().getDigest());
+        Config config = manifest.getConfig();
+        Objects.requireNonNull(config.getDigest(), "Config digest is required for streaming copy");
+        Objects.requireNonNull(config.getSize(), "Config size is required for streaming copy");
+        target.pushBlob(
+                targetRef
+                        .forTarget(effectiveTargetRegistry)
+                        .withDigest(manifest.getConfig().getDigest()),
+                config.getSize(),
+                () -> source.pullConfig(sourceRef.forTarget(resolvedSourceRegistry), manifest.getConfig()),
+                config.getAnnotations());
+        LOG.debug("Copied config {}", manifest.getConfig().getDigest());
+    }
 }